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rectangular pulses  (Digitimer North America LLC)


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    Digitimer North America LLC rectangular pulses
    a , Schematic of the new TIME design: each arm carries an array of eight 80 µm-diameter microelectrodes and a <t>rectangular</t> reference electrode (0.4 mm x 60 µm). The lead has an L-shaped layout and two 0.55 mm anchoring arrow-shaped structures to improve fixation within the nerve. b , Extraction force for TIME devices pulled from an explanted sciatic nerve affixed to a petri dish. The graph shows three measurements made with the previous linear TIME design (red) and three with the new design incorporating the anchoring features (light blue). c , Cross-sectional fabrication workflow of the device, illustrating the four main process steps. d , Optical image of a fabricated device showing the electrode array, with a magnified view of a single microelectrode and the rectangular pad electrode. e , Impedance spectra for a PI-PI device (red) and a device with alumina encapsulation (light blue): magnitude (solid line) and phase (dashed line), n=16 electrodes per device. f , Impedance magnitude at 10 Hz (blue) and 1 kHz (light blue) for nine arrays (each with eight microelectrodes). Boxplots represent the 25 th -75 th percentiles. g , Voltage polarization to biphasic current pulses (1 ms per phase): mean traces ± s.d. (shaded), comparing PI-PI (red) and alumina-encapsulated (light blue) devices (n=16 microelectrodes per type). h , Cathodic (blue) and anodic (light blue) charge injection limits for the eight electrodes across nine different arrays. The bar plot represents average values. i , Homogeneity factor for impedance magnitude at 1 kHz and for cathodic/anodic charge injection limits across the nine arrays shown in f and h . The bar plot represents the average value.
    Rectangular Pulses, supplied by Digitimer North America LLC, used in various techniques. Bioz Stars score: 95/100, based on 141 PubMed citations. ZERO BIAS - scores, article reviews, protocol conditions and more
    https://www.bioz.com/product/rectangular+pulses/DS4/bio_rxiv__64898__2026__01__23__701276-236-6-17
    Average 95 stars, based on 141 article reviews
    rectangular pulses - by Bioz Stars, 2026-09
    95/100 stars

    Images

    1) Product Images from "Advances in Thin-Film Graphene Neurotechnology for Chronic Nerve Stimulation and Recording"

    Article Title: Advances in Thin-Film Graphene Neurotechnology for Chronic Nerve Stimulation and Recording

    Journal: bioRxiv

    doi: 10.64898/2026.01.23.701276

    a , Schematic of the new TIME design: each arm carries an array of eight 80 µm-diameter microelectrodes and a rectangular reference electrode (0.4 mm x 60 µm). The lead has an L-shaped layout and two 0.55 mm anchoring arrow-shaped structures to improve fixation within the nerve. b , Extraction force for TIME devices pulled from an explanted sciatic nerve affixed to a petri dish. The graph shows three measurements made with the previous linear TIME design (red) and three with the new design incorporating the anchoring features (light blue). c , Cross-sectional fabrication workflow of the device, illustrating the four main process steps. d , Optical image of a fabricated device showing the electrode array, with a magnified view of a single microelectrode and the rectangular pad electrode. e , Impedance spectra for a PI-PI device (red) and a device with alumina encapsulation (light blue): magnitude (solid line) and phase (dashed line), n=16 electrodes per device. f , Impedance magnitude at 10 Hz (blue) and 1 kHz (light blue) for nine arrays (each with eight microelectrodes). Boxplots represent the 25 th -75 th percentiles. g , Voltage polarization to biphasic current pulses (1 ms per phase): mean traces ± s.d. (shaded), comparing PI-PI (red) and alumina-encapsulated (light blue) devices (n=16 microelectrodes per type). h , Cathodic (blue) and anodic (light blue) charge injection limits for the eight electrodes across nine different arrays. The bar plot represents average values. i , Homogeneity factor for impedance magnitude at 1 kHz and for cathodic/anodic charge injection limits across the nine arrays shown in f and h . The bar plot represents the average value.
    Figure Legend Snippet: a , Schematic of the new TIME design: each arm carries an array of eight 80 µm-diameter microelectrodes and a rectangular reference electrode (0.4 mm x 60 µm). The lead has an L-shaped layout and two 0.55 mm anchoring arrow-shaped structures to improve fixation within the nerve. b , Extraction force for TIME devices pulled from an explanted sciatic nerve affixed to a petri dish. The graph shows three measurements made with the previous linear TIME design (red) and three with the new design incorporating the anchoring features (light blue). c , Cross-sectional fabrication workflow of the device, illustrating the four main process steps. d , Optical image of a fabricated device showing the electrode array, with a magnified view of a single microelectrode and the rectangular pad electrode. e , Impedance spectra for a PI-PI device (red) and a device with alumina encapsulation (light blue): magnitude (solid line) and phase (dashed line), n=16 electrodes per device. f , Impedance magnitude at 10 Hz (blue) and 1 kHz (light blue) for nine arrays (each with eight microelectrodes). Boxplots represent the 25 th -75 th percentiles. g , Voltage polarization to biphasic current pulses (1 ms per phase): mean traces ± s.d. (shaded), comparing PI-PI (red) and alumina-encapsulated (light blue) devices (n=16 microelectrodes per type). h , Cathodic (blue) and anodic (light blue) charge injection limits for the eight electrodes across nine different arrays. The bar plot represents average values. i , Homogeneity factor for impedance magnitude at 1 kHz and for cathodic/anodic charge injection limits across the nine arrays shown in f and h . The bar plot represents the average value.

    Techniques Used: Extraction, Encapsulation, Injection

    Related Articles

    Isolation:

    Article Title: An astrocytic basis of caloric restriction action on the brain plasticity
    Article Snippet: .. The stimulation was performed with rectangular pulses (duration 0.1 ms every 20 s) with DS3 isolated current stimulator (Digitimer Ltd, UK). .. Responses were amplified using Multiclamp 700b amplifier (Molecular Devices, USA) and were digitized and recorded on a personal computer using ADC/DAC NI USB-6221 (National Instruments, USA), shielded connector block BNC2110 and WinWCP v5.2.3 software by John Dempster (University of Strathclyde).

    Article Title: Multimodal Optical Imaging to Investigate Spatiotemporal Changes in Cerebrovascular Function in AUDA Treatment of Acute Ischemic Stroke
    Article Snippet: .. The limb was stimulated by applying trains of rectangular pulses of 200 μs at a repetition rate of 9 Hz and constant current of 3 mA, which was supplied with a DS3 isolated current stimulator (Digitimer Ltd., Welwyn Garden, United Kingdom). ..

    other:

    Article Title: Adenosine A 2A receptors modulate the dopamine D 2 receptor-mediated inhibition of synaptic transmission in the mouse prefrontal cortex.
    Article Snippet: Prefrontal cortex (PFC) circuits are modulated by dopamine acting on D1and D2-like receptors, which are pharmacologically exploited to manage neuropsychiatric conditions.. Adenosine A2A receptors (A2AR) also control PFC-related responses and A2AR antagonists are potential anti-psychotic drugs.. As tight antagonistic A2AR–D2R and synergistic A2AR–D1R interactions occur in other brain regions, we now investigated the crosstalk between A2AR and D1/D2R controlling synaptic transmission between layers II/III and V in mouse PFC coronal slices.

    Article Title: Effect of reflexive activation of motor units on torque development during electrically-evoked contractions of the triceps surae muscle.
    Article Snippet: Monophasic 164 rectangular pulses (1 ms pulse) were delivered using a Digitimer stimulator (DS7AH, 165 Digitimer, Hertfordshire, UK), triggered by a commercially available software (Tida, Heka 166 Elektronik, Lambrecht/Pfalz, Germany).



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    a , Schematic of the new TIME design: each arm carries an array of eight 80 µm-diameter microelectrodes and a rectangular reference electrode (0.4 mm x 60 µm). The lead has an L-shaped layout and two 0.55 mm anchoring arrow-shaped structures to improve fixation within the nerve. b , Extraction force for TIME devices pulled from an explanted sciatic nerve affixed to a petri dish. The graph shows three measurements made with the previous linear TIME design (red) and three with the new design incorporating the anchoring features (light blue). c , Cross-sectional fabrication workflow of the device, illustrating the four main process steps. d , Optical image of a fabricated device showing the electrode array, with a magnified view of a single microelectrode and the rectangular pad electrode. e , Impedance spectra for a PI-PI device (red) and a device with alumina encapsulation (light blue): magnitude (solid line) and phase (dashed line), n=16 electrodes per device. f , Impedance magnitude at 10 Hz (blue) and 1 kHz (light blue) for nine arrays (each with eight microelectrodes). Boxplots represent the 25 th -75 th percentiles. g , Voltage polarization to biphasic current pulses (1 ms per phase): mean traces ± s.d. (shaded), comparing PI-PI (red) and alumina-encapsulated (light blue) devices (n=16 microelectrodes per type). h , Cathodic (blue) and anodic (light blue) charge injection limits for the eight electrodes across nine different arrays. The bar plot represents average values. i , Homogeneity factor for impedance magnitude at 1 kHz and for cathodic/anodic charge injection limits across the nine arrays shown in f and h . The bar plot represents the average value.

    Journal: bioRxiv

    Article Title: Advances in Thin-Film Graphene Neurotechnology for Chronic Nerve Stimulation and Recording

    doi: 10.64898/2026.01.23.701276

    Figure Lengend Snippet: a , Schematic of the new TIME design: each arm carries an array of eight 80 µm-diameter microelectrodes and a rectangular reference electrode (0.4 mm x 60 µm). The lead has an L-shaped layout and two 0.55 mm anchoring arrow-shaped structures to improve fixation within the nerve. b , Extraction force for TIME devices pulled from an explanted sciatic nerve affixed to a petri dish. The graph shows three measurements made with the previous linear TIME design (red) and three with the new design incorporating the anchoring features (light blue). c , Cross-sectional fabrication workflow of the device, illustrating the four main process steps. d , Optical image of a fabricated device showing the electrode array, with a magnified view of a single microelectrode and the rectangular pad electrode. e , Impedance spectra for a PI-PI device (red) and a device with alumina encapsulation (light blue): magnitude (solid line) and phase (dashed line), n=16 electrodes per device. f , Impedance magnitude at 10 Hz (blue) and 1 kHz (light blue) for nine arrays (each with eight microelectrodes). Boxplots represent the 25 th -75 th percentiles. g , Voltage polarization to biphasic current pulses (1 ms per phase): mean traces ± s.d. (shaded), comparing PI-PI (red) and alumina-encapsulated (light blue) devices (n=16 microelectrodes per type). h , Cathodic (blue) and anodic (light blue) charge injection limits for the eight electrodes across nine different arrays. The bar plot represents average values. i , Homogeneity factor for impedance magnitude at 1 kHz and for cathodic/anodic charge injection limits across the nine arrays shown in f and h . The bar plot represents the average value.

    Article Snippet: Stimulation was delivered using 50 biphasic rectangular pulses (100 μs duration, 0 to 10 mA; DS4 Stimulator, Digitimer) in bipolar configuration via two small needle electrodes inserted near each nerve, into the medial, lateral, or dorso-medial regions of the paw.

    Techniques: Extraction, Encapsulation, Injection